.. image:: images/logo.png ------------------------------------- Fitting a single stress model to ALT data ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Before reading this section it is recommended that readers are familiar with the concepts of `fitting probability distributions `_, `probability plotting `_, and have an understanding of `what accelerated life testing (ALT) involves `_. The module `reliability.ALT_fitters` contains 24 `ALT models `_; 12 of these models are for single stress and 12 are for dual stress. This section details the single stress models, though the process for `fitting dual-stress models `_ is similar. The decision to use a single stress or dual stress model depends entirely on your data. If your data only has one stress that is being changed then you will use a single stress model. The following single stress models are available within ALT_fitters: - Fit_Weibull_Exponential - Fit_Weibull_Eyring - Fit_Weibull_Power - Fit_Lognormal_Exponential - Fit_Lognormal_Eyring - Fit_Lognormal_Power - Fit_Normal_Exponential - Fit_Normal_Eyring - Fit_Normal_Power - Fit_Exponential_Exponential - Fit_Exponential_Eyring - Fit_Exponential_Power .. admonition:: API Reference For inputs and outputs see the `API reference `_. Example 1 --------- In the following example, we will fit the Weibull-Power model to an ALT dataset obtained from a fatigue test. This dataset can be found in `reliability.Datasets`. We want to know the mean life at the use level stress of 60 so the parameter use_level_stress is specified. All other values are left as defaults and the results and plot are shown. .. code:: python from reliability.ALT_fitters import Fit_Weibull_Power from reliability.Datasets import ALT_load2 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt Fit_Weibull_Power(failures=ALT_load2().failures, failure_stress=ALT_load2().failure_stresses, right_censored=ALT_load2().right_censored, right_censored_stress=ALT_load2().right_censored_stresses, use_level_stress=60) plt.show() ''' Results from Fit_Weibull_Power (95% CI): Analysis method: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) Optimizer: TNC Failures / Right censored: 13/5 (27.77778% right censored) Parameter Point Estimate Standard Error Lower CI Upper CI a 393440 508989 31166.6 4.9667e+06 n -1.41476 0.242371 -1.8898 -0.939725 beta 3.01934 0.716268 1.89664 4.80662 stress original alpha original beta new alpha common beta beta change acceleration factor 300 116.174 3.01009 123.123 3.01934 +0.31% 9.74714 200 240.182 3.57635 218.507 3.01934 -15.57% 5.49224 100 557.42 2.6792 582.575 3.01934 +12.7% 2.05998 Goodness of fit Value Log-likelihood -76.8542 AICc 161.423 BIC 162.379 At the use level stress of 60, the mean life is 1071.96438 ''' .. image:: images/Weibull_power_probplot.png .. image:: images/Weibull_power_lifestress.png In the results above we see 3 tables of results; the fitted parameters (along with their confidence bounds) dataframe, the change of parameters dataframe, and the goodness of fit dataframe. For the change of parameters dataframe the "original alpha" and "original beta" are the fitted values for the Weibull_2P distribution that is fitted to the data at each stress (shown on the probability plot by the dashed lines). The "new alpha" and "new beta" are from the Weibull_Power model. The beta change is extremely important as it allows us to identify whether the fitted ALT model is appropriate at each stress level. A beta change of over 50% will trigger a warning to be printed informing the user that the failure mode may be changing across different stresses, or that the model is inappropriate for the data. The acceleration factor column will only be returned if the use level stress is provided since acceleration factor is a comparison of the life at the higher stress vs the use stress. Example 2 --------- In this second example we will fit the Exponential-Eyring model. Instead of using an existing dataset we will create our own data using the function make_ALT_data. Since the Exponential_1P distribution has only 1 parameter (Lambda), the function fits a Weibull_2P distribution and then compares the change of parameters of the Weibull alpha and beta with the Exponential 1/Lambda (obtained from the life-stress model) and the shape parameter of 1 (since a Weibull distrbution with beta=1 is equivalent to the Exponential distribution). This provides similar functionality for examining the change of parameters as we find with the models for all the other distributions (Weibull, Lognormal, and Normal). The results show that the fitted parameters agree well with the parameters we used to generate the data, as does the mean life at the use stress. This accuracy improves with more data. .. code:: python from reliability.Other_functions import make_ALT_data from reliability.ALT_fitters import Fit_Exponential_Eyring import matplotlib.pyplot as plt use_level_stress = 300 ALT_data = make_ALT_data(distribution='Exponential',life_stress_model='Eyring',a=1500,c=-10,stress_1=[500,400,350],number_of_samples=100,fraction_censored=0.2,seed=1,use_level_stress=use_level_stress) Fit_Exponential_Eyring(failures=ALT_data.failures, failure_stress=ALT_data.failure_stresses, right_censored=ALT_data.right_censored, right_censored_stress=ALT_data.right_censored_stresses, use_level_stress=use_level_stress) print('The mean life at use stress of the true model is:',ALT_data.mean_life_at_use_stress) plt.show() ''' Results from Fit_Exponential_Eyring (95% CI): Analysis method: Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) Optimizer: TNC Failures / Right censored: 240/60 (20% right censored) Parameter Point Estimate Standard Error Lower CI Upper CI a 1428.47 178.875 1077.88 1779.06 c -10.2599 0.443394 -11.1289 -9.39085 stress weibull alpha weibull beta new 1/Lambda common shape shape change acceleration factor 500 1034.22 0.981495 994.473 1 +1.89% 11.1948 400 2149.92 0.877218 2539.17 1 +14.0% 4.38449 350 5251.88 1.07081 4833.32 1 -6.61% 2.30337 Goodness of fit Value Log-likelihood -2098.01 AICc 4200.06 BIC 4207.42 At the use level stress of 300, the mean life is 11132.94095 The mean life at use stress of the true model is: 10896.724574907037 ''' .. image:: images/Exponential_Eyring_probability_plot.png .. image:: images/Exponential_Eyring_lifestress.png Example 3 --------- In this third example, we will look at how to customise the labels on the plots. Two of the outputs returned are the axes handles for the probability plot and the life-stress plot. These handles can be used to set certain values such as xlabel, ylabel, title, legend title, etc. For simplicity in this example the printing of results and the probability plot are turned off so the only output is the life-stress plot. .. code:: python from reliability.Other_functions import make_ALT_data from reliability.ALT_fitters import Fit_Normal_Exponential import matplotlib.pyplot as plt ALT_data = make_ALT_data(distribution='Normal',life_stress_model='Exponential',a=500,b=1000,sigma=500,stress_1=[500,400,350],number_of_samples=100,fraction_censored=0.2,seed=1) # the results and probability plot have been turned off so we just get the life-stress plot model = Fit_Normal_Exponential(failures=ALT_data.failures, failure_stress=ALT_data.failure_stresses, right_censored=ALT_data.right_censored, right_censored_stress=ALT_data.right_censored_stresses, use_level_stress=300, print_results=False, show_probability_plot=False) # customize the life-stress plot labels model.life_stress_plot.set_xlabel('Load (kg)') model.life_stress_plot.set_ylabel("Life ('000 cycles)") model.life_stress_plot.set_title('Life-stress plot from fatigue test') model.life_stress_plot.legend(title='Life-stress and failures:') plt.show() .. image:: images/Normal_Exponential_lifestress.png **References:** - Probabilistic Physics of Failure Approach to Reliability (2017), by M. Modarres, M. Amiri, and C. Jackson. pp. 136-168 - Accelerated Life Testing Data Analysis Reference - ReliaWiki, Reliawiki.com, 2019. [`Online `_].